Adherence to the following guidelines will help you obtain maximum performance and lifetime from your PZT actuators:

1. PZT stack actuators must only be stressed axially. Tilting and shearing forces can be avoided by use of ball tips, flexible tips, etc.
   
   
2. PZTs without internal preload are sensitive to pulling forces. An external preload is recommended for appliecations requiring strong pulling forces (dynamic operation, heavy loads, etc.).
   
   
3. Maximum torque allowable at the top-piece can be found in the technical data tables for all PZT stacks and must not be exceeded. Proper use of wrench flats to apply a counter-torque to the top-piece is installed will protect the ceramics.
   
   
4. When PZTs are installed between plates, a ball tip is recommended to avoid bending and shear forces.